The pandemic has exposed the costs of job and income losses. Emergency cash transfers can mitigate the worst immediate effects on people who lack access to safety nets. This research note provides estimates for a potential Temporary Basic Income for poor and near-poor people across 132 developing countries, as well as the minimum cost of income support sufficient to mitigate the pandemic-induced poverty increase. The total monthly cost of the TBI ranges 0.27–0.63% of developing countries’ combined GDP, depending on the (...) choice: top-ups on each country’s average incomes up to a vulnerability threshold; transfers based on each country’s median standard of living; or uniform transfers. This note argues that some form of TBI is within reach and can inform a larger conversation about how to build comprehensive social protection systems that make the poor and near-poor more resilient to economic downturns in the future. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una nueva versión del internismo relativo al estatuto de nuestras razones para actuar. El argumento tiene tres pasos: la ampliación de la psicología moral ortodoxa mediante el reconocimiento de la autoridad del amor en la agencia humana, la afi rmación de las relaciones interpersonales amorosas como analogado principal del amor y, por último, la consideración de una concepción no reductiva del amor y de la existencia de la real jerarquía de amores de los (...) agentes humanos. (shrink)

Desde el reconocimiento del lugar central que el amor tiene en la experiencia humana, este trabajo propone una revisión de la reivindicación compatibilista que hace Strawson de los sentimientos morales en su importante artículo «Libertad y resentimiento». Pretende así hacer frente tanto a algunas de las objeciones dirigidas contra el intento compatibilista strawsoniano de terciar en el debate sobre la libertad como de calmar una queja justificada del libertarista.

The global market for biologics and biosimilar pharmaceutical products is experiencing rapid expansion, primarily driven by the continuous discovery of new molecules. However, information regarding Latin America’s biological market remains limited.

The possible impact of general philosophical ideas on the choice of research subject in mathematics is the topic of this paper. I examine a specific case in which the philosophical background is provided by a discussion on the role of language in science, which is associated with the work of Condillac. The area of mathematics considered is functional equations, a difficult chapter of mathematical analysis that began to be developed between the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the (...) nineteenth century. The researcher is Charles Babbage , a young British mathematician deeply interested in the recent work of French mathematicians and philosophers of science. (shrink)

Los términos “educación” y “formación” son cercanos, pero diferentes; la educación responde a un saber disciplinar concreto dentro de una estructura o sistema propio, mientras que la formación tributa a lo humano desde ámbitos no necesariamente sistemáticos. El siguiente artículo tiene como punto de partida la hipótesis de que la formación es un efecto que solo puede ser concebido a posteriori. Dicha hipótesis servirá de acicate para proponer una lectura del Menón de Platón que logre evidenciar algunas condiciones del diálogo (...) que posibilitan el efecto formativo. En primer lugar, se darán algunos presupuestos para comprender la hipótesis; luego, se establecerán dos condiciones que facilitan el proceso formativo: el λόγος y el acompañamiento (cada una de estas condiciones tendrá, a su vez, una división que las explicitará); y, por último, se determinará, en una tabla, si hay efecto formativo o no en los personajes que refiere el diálogo. (shrink)

In 1922 the University of Buenos Aires (UBA) Council approved a motion to send an invitation to Albert Einstein to visit Argentina and give a course of lectures on his theory of relativity. The motion was proposed by Jorge Duclout (1856–1927), who had been educated at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich (ETH). This proposal was the culmination of a series of initiatives of various Argentine intellectuals interested in the theory of relativity. In a very short time Dr. Mauricio Nirenstein (1877–1935), (...) then the university's administrative secretary, fulfilled all the requirements for the university's invitation to be endorsed and delivered to the sage in Berlin. The visit took place three years later, in March–April 1925. (shrink)

To the extent that dualism is even taken to be a serious option in contemporary discussions of personal identity and the philosophy of mind, it is almost exclusively either Cartesian dualism or property dualism that is considered. The more traditional dualism defended by Aristotelians and Thomists, what I call hylemorphic dualism, has only received scattered attention. In this essay I set out the main lines of the hylemorphic dualist position, with particular reference to personal identity. First I argue that overemphasis (...) of the problem of consciousness has had an unhealthy effect on recent debate, claiming instead that we should emphasize the concept of form. Then I bring in the concept of identity by means of the notion of substantial form. I continue by analyzing the relation between form and matter, defending the traditional theses of prime matter and of the unicity of substantial form. I then argue for the immateriality of the substantial form of the human person, viz. the soul, from an account of the human intellect. From this follows the soul's essential independence of matter. Finally, although the soul is the immaterial bearer of personal identity, that identity is still the identity of an essentially embodied being. I explain how these ideas are to be reconciled. Footnotesa I am grateful to Stephen Braude, John Cottingham, John Haldane, David Jehle, Joel Katzav, Eduardo Ortiz, and Fred Sommers for helpful comments and discussion of a draft of this essay. I would also like to thank Ellen Paul, whose suggestions have helped greatly to improve the essay's style and content. (shrink)

Bioethics should pay more attention to globalization and some of its consequences than it has done so far. The COVID-19 pandemic would not have been possible without globalization, which has also increased some of its negative consequences. Globalization has intensified wildlife trade in the world. One of the main hypotheses about the origin of this pandemic is that it originated in illegal forms of wildlife trade in China. In the last 30 or 40 years, there have been zoonotic outbreaks at (...) a much frequent pace than before, many of those have been related to wildlife trade. Legal and illegal wildlife trade has grown in the shadow of globalization. Second, globalization has had a huge impact on the redistribution of wealth in the world. Since 1990 income inequality has increased in most high- and in many middle- and low-income countries. A country’s level of pre-COVID income inequality is the best predictor of the COVID death rate. These two issues are not unrelated. People living in poverty in LMIC tend to suffer more from infectious diseases and tend to be marginalized from the health sector. Additionally, poverty tends to reproduce the conditions under which zoonotic diseases can more easily spread. (shrink)

Las teorías contemporáneas sobre la conciencia colectiva se enfocan desde dos extremos opuestos: estructuralismo y emergentismo. El estructuralismo marxista centra su definición de conciencia colectiva desde el externalismo; teorías que someten la conciencia individual a la construcción social, que termina por someter el “yo” al “nosotros”. De otra parte, el emergentismo searleano propone hablar de una intencionalidad y una conciencia colectiva del “nosotros” en la mente de cada individuo, cuya ontología es biológica. Una propuesta naturalista que permite reconocer la conciencia (...) colectiva del “nosotros” en armonía con la conciencia del “yo”, pues ambas están en la mente de cada individuo, es decir, se apuesta por una teoría internalista de la conciencia, que a la postre resulta insuficiente, puesto que los fundamentos ontológicos desde la biología no dan cuenta per se de la intencionalidad que tiene un colectivo. Por ello, se propone al lenguaje y la acción como elementos determinantes para comprender la ontología de la conciencia colectiva. Una apuesta por una visión biopragmática de la conciencia colectiva, que retoma los elementos básicos del emergentismo searleno y propone como condiciones de posibilidad elementos como el lenguaje y acción, los cuales permiten hablar de estados mentales en la colectividad. (shrink)

The main idea that we want to defend in this paper is that the question of what a logic is should be addressed differently when structural properties enter the game. In particular, we want to support the idea according to which it is not enough to identify the set of valid inferences to characterize a logic. In other words, we will argue that two logical theories could identify the same set of validities, but not be the same logic.

This volume collects a number of important and revealing interviews with Richard Rorty, spanning more than two decades of his public intellectual commentary, engagement, and criticism. In colloquial language, Rorty discusses the relevance and nonrelevance of philosophy to American political and public life. The collection also provides a candid set of insights into Rorty's political beliefs and his commitment to the labor and union traditions in this country. Finally, the interviews reveal Rorty to be a deeply engaged social thinker and (...) observer. (shrink)

Until now, North American and European philosophies have been engaged in debates about the possibility of a postmetaphysical philosophy and the consequences of the linguistic turn for the assessment of modernity; they have done so, however, without departing from the narrow horizons of their respective nationalistic perspectives. In this incisive critique, Dussel demonstrates how most of thse philosophies have either failed to give historically faithful analyses of the genesis of the "myth" of modernity, or have never engaged in a serious (...) questioning of their own Eurocentric presuppositions. He shows how North American and European philosophers have presupposed a no-longer-acceptable philosophy of history that has led them to fall into a "developmental fallacy," the belief that there is a linear sequence that moves from the premodern, underdeveloped, or on the way to industrialization, to the modern, developed, and industrialized. (shrink)

Se presenta la reflexión sobre el papel de una ética crítica que acompañe los procesos de innovación tecnológica, a partir de los aportes de la filosofía de la tecnología, específicamente las propuestas de Floridi y Verbeek. Se análizará el caso de digitalización de servicios de gobierno, en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, centrado en el comportamiento de los usuarios de la plataforma Movilidad en Línea. La tesis principal que se esboza es que con los procesos de digitalización se pretende eliminar (...) la intermediación entre el ciudadano y el acceso al Estado Plataforma. Sin embargo, encontramos que las mediaciones persisten y transitan hacia mediaciones tecnológicas. Esta constatación y la demostración de la agencialidad y moralidad de los artefactos tecnológicos fundamenta la propuesta de una ética critica que acompañe de manera participativa la innovación y transición digital. (shrink)

Los criterios de excelencia e innovación a la hora de valorar las tecnologías de la comunicación se ven afectados por un gran número de factores, pero al final hay uno que prima sobre todos los demás: la calidad de la imágenes utilizadas, como sucede con National Geographic y Walt Disney, dos empresas de comunicación que han sido determinantes a la hora de fijar los criterios estándar de excelencia e innovación. En este contexto se reconstruye el debate contemporáneo entre Wiesing, Levinson, (...) Crowther y Seel acerca de los criterios de excelencia e innovación usados a la hora de valorar la calidad de las imágenes virtuales mediáticas por parte de las tecnologías de la comunicación, teniendo en cuenta su cuádruple dimensión genético-retroductiva, simbólica, contextual y estrictamente escénica. (shrink)

Se postula en este artículo que existe a lo largo de la historia del pensamiento una fascinación por la capacidad creativa, considerándosela una facultad distintiva a través de la cual los individuos y las sociedades pueden expandir sus posibilidades más allá de lo existente, y se desarrolla la hipótesis de tres niveles ascendentes de creatividad que contienen a su vez tres “metodologías” para su desarrollo. Estos niveles son: las técnicas de aprendizaje creativo, el cambio de paradigma y el viaje al (...) interior de uno mismo. (shrink)

En el drama Las troyanas de Séneca el Joven, según proponemos, existen argumentos e ideas de la filosofía estoica en torno a las emociones y las pasiones. Tales ideas, derivadas de la teoría ética-epistemológica estoica, están insertas en los discursos de personajes como Hécuba, Andrómaca, Agamenón o Helena. Séneca exhibe la historia-mito de la Guerra de Troya como una fuente de emociones erróneas, es decir, de pasiones que alejan a los personajes de la virtud-felicidad. Consecuentemente, el autor nos presenta discursos, (...) en boca de sus personajes, que instan a evitar estoicamente esas pasiones, como lo son el miedo, el dolor o el orgullo excesivos. (shrink)

Evidence is drawn together to connect sources of inconsistency that Frege discerned in his foundations for arithmetic with the origins of the paradox derived by Russell in "Basic Laws" I and then with antinomies, paradoxes, contradictions, riddles associated with modal and intensional logics. Examined are: Frege's efforts to grasp logical objects; the philosophical arguments that compelled Russell to adopt a description theory of names and a eliminative theory of descriptions; the resurfacing of issues surrounding reference, descriptions, identity, substitutivity, paradox in (...) the debates concerning modal and intensional logics; the development of the New Theory of Reference. I consider this to be the philosophical ground upon which the debates regarding that theory should take place. (shrink)

A collection of essays on the work of Latin American philosopher Enrique Dussel, focusing on his ethics of liberation.

Determining what constitutes an anticipatable incidental finding from clinical research and defining whether, and when, this IF should be returned to the participant have been topics of discussion in the field of human subject protections for the last 10 years. It has been debated that implementing a comprehensive IF-approach that addresses both the responsibility of researchers to return IFs and the expectation of participants to receive them can be logistically challenging. IFs have been debated at different levels, such as the (...) ethical reasoning for considering their disclosure or the need for planning for them during the development of the research study. Some authors have discussed the methods for re-contacting participants for disclosing IFs, as well as the relevance of considering the clinical importance of the IFs. Similarly, other authors have debated about when IFs should be disclosed to participants. However, no author has addressed how the “actionability” of the IFs should be considered, evaluated, or characterized at the participant's research setting level. This paper defines the concept of “Actionability at the Participant's Research Setting Level” for anticipatable IFs from clinical research, discusses some related ethical concepts to justify the APRSL concept, proposes a strategy to incorporate APRSL into the planning and management of IFs, and suggests a strategy for integrating APRSL at each local research setting. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to inquire about the possibility and conditions of an interface between the Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Psychology. After arguing that interfacing is a problem for Naturalistic-minded philosophers , Goldman´s tripartite classification of interface tasks, is analysed and exemplified. The final sections of the paper are devoted to the controversy concerning the role images and imaginistic thinking play in a standard cognitive theory. The idea is to apply Goldman´s tasks to some of the pertinent (...) philosophical contributions. Finally, what is really at stake in the controversy is described, alternatively, as an intratheoretic discussion affecting the cognitivist program or a clash between different ways of practicing experimental psychology or and obvious sympton of a crises affecting the theoretical relevance of the notion of representation. (shrink)

En este trabajo se examinarán algunos antecedentes a la formación hermenéutica, fenomenológica, y su influencia en Martín Heidegger. Se mostrará cómo en su obra Ser y Tiempo se transforma la fenomenología en una filosofía hermenéutica, se profundizará en los conceptos de comprensión, relación e interpretación fundamentales de la fenomenología y hermenéutica, como se presentan en esta obra magistral.

O presente artigo pretende destacar a tese de que a natureza, conforme Feuerbach, é um existente autônomo e independente e possui primazia ante o espírito. Sob essa condição, é possível conceber a natureza como a garantia da exterioridade mesma, como que um existente fora de nós, que nada sabe de si e é em si e por si mesmo; por conseguinte, ela não deve ser vista como aquilo que ela não é, isto é, nem como divina, nem como humana. A (...) natureza sempre existiu, quer dizer, ela existe por si e tem seu sentido apenas em si mesma; ela é ela mesma, ou seja, nenhuma essência mística, pois, por trás dela, não se esconde nenhum absoluto, nada humano, nada divino, transcendental ou ideal. Trata-se aqui também de uma exposição da ética materialista, a-posteriorística, de Ludwig Feuerbach a partir de sua crítica a toda ética apriorística, transcendental, ilimitada, indiferente, imediata, pura, vazia de conteúdo, abstraída das determinações, da situação concreta, baseada numa vontade incondicionada, indeterminada, numa pretensa liberdade humana independente tanto dos limites e das leis da natureza externa, quanto da natureza interna, da determinação corporal e das necessidades naturais humanas. Com isso, não há, todavia, em Feuerbach um determinismo ou uma negação da vontade, mas a defesa de que a liberdade humana não é absoluta e incondicionalmente livre, mas condicionada pelo tempo, pelo momento histórico, pela idade, por meios materiais e sensíveis, pela situação ambiental, pelas condições e circunstâncias da natureza, como alimento, vestimentas, luz, ar, água, espaço e tempo, pois ter vontade é sempre ter vontade de algo, já que ela é sempre vontade mediada por um objeto, e é só através das condições e mediações que se alcança a liberdade, e, assim, a vontade se torna concreta. (shrink)

Educational Theory, Volume 72, Issue 1, Page 109-117, February 2022.

This article aims, first, to describe some of the main features of Latour’s actor network theory. Second, it shows how the practice of writing nature could be seen as a precursor to the actor network theory. Third, some Deleuzian and Harman concepts are outlined, which could be useful for future actor network theories. And finally, this work argues that making an actor network theory implies a series of fundamental changes in the practice of literary and cultural studies, as well as (...) in the practice of the humanities and social sciences in general. (shrink)

A riqueza da filosofia de Fichte reside justamente em seus excessos. O presente artigo visa explicitar os impasses metódicos decorrentes dessa forma extremada de idealismo subjetivo. As soluções aventadas por Fichte para enfrentar tais dificuldades influenciaram decisivamente o posterior desenvolvimento do Idealismo Alemão.